Overview of the Hydrographic Regions of Brazil

Except for the semi-arid region in the northeast, Brazil has always been considered a country rich in water resources. This situation changed a lot in the last thirty years. The changing demographic patterns together with the type of economic growth seen in Brazil increased pressure on water resources, causing situations of scarcity and of conflict over its use in several regions of the country. During this same period, there was a progressive worsening of water quality in rivers that flow through cities and regions with intense industrial, agricultural and mining activities. Even in situations with no volume restrictions, the worsening water quality has made its use impossible for certain purposes. This is the situation in Brazilian cities throughout the country.

Considering the diversity of climates, topography, economic potential and socioeconomic and cultural conditions, the question of water resources varies a lot. In Brazil there are regions with an abundance of good quality water and there is the semi-arid, which goes through long periods without rain, and here are also urban areas experiencing serious problems because of pollution and floods.

Estimates show that approximately 10% of the world’s fresh water is found in Brazil, placing it among the richest countries in fresh water volume terms. However, its distribution varies greatly over the year and among the different regions of Brazil.
The purpose of this document is to present an overview of water problems in Brazil. By means of this general view of the country and an analysis of certain socioeconomic and environmental indicators, the range of situations involving water in this country can be illustrated.